Permanent leadership in the Great Basin before the European invasion of America did not extend beyond the captains of bands, or "outfits". Additionally, a shaman with hunting powers would lead the seasonal communal hunts. A ceremonial leader supervised the dances and prayers which preceded the harvests and hunts.

The arrival of horses, guns and eventually hostile Euro-American settlers made life for the People more dangerous. This often led the People to unite in larger defensive bands and form political alliances under a single leader, or chief. During the late 19th century, Chief Winnemucca and his successors were accepted as representing all of the Northern Paiute outfits. Although the Washoe never appointed a paramount chief, several major "captains" came to speak for substantial numbers of followers.

After the establishment of the reservation system political leadership returned to a more local level. The elective tribal council system advocated by the federal government was often adopted. Today many of the goals of self-determination and religious freedom sought by the early chiefs are being realized. Still, there are many issues yet to be resolved between the People and the state and federal governments.